Armigeres subalbatus virus SaX06-AK20

Taxonomy: Viruses; Riboviria; Orthornavirae; Duplornaviricota; Chrymotiviricetes; Ghabrivirales; Totiviridae; unclassified Totiviridae

Average proteome isoelectric point is 7.21

Get precalculated fractions of proteins

Acidic
pI < 6.8
6.8-7.4
pI > 7.4
Basic
    
All



Virtual 2D-PAGE plot for 2 proteins (isoelectric point calculated using IPC2_protein)

Get csv file with sequences according to given criteria:
        -     Method 

     -  kDa    
                                                                                      

* You can choose from 21 different methods for calculating isoelectric point

Summary statistics related to proteome-wise predictions


    

Protein with the lowest isoelectric point:
>tr|D2CSN2|D2CSN2_9VIRU RNA-directed RNA polymerase OS=Armigeres subalbatus virus SaX06-AK20 OX=556524 PE=3 SV=1
MM1 pKa = 7.32EE2 pKa = 4.49RR3 pKa = 11.84HH4 pKa = 6.29HH5 pKa = 7.03NSNAQNEE12 pKa = 4.59YY13 pKa = 9.76PNEE16 pKa = 4.04ILSSAVQPNNNVSWNYY32 pKa = 10.56HH33 pKa = 5.97KK34 pKa = 10.3IDD36 pKa = 3.85GASAPLYY43 pKa = 6.83PQPNGAEE50 pKa = 4.12TPDD53 pKa = 3.37RR54 pKa = 11.84LKK56 pKa = 11.02VLRR59 pKa = 11.84KK60 pKa = 10.0YY61 pKa = 8.71FTLSNVVLGAKK72 pKa = 9.92IIIIGGVAFAGYY84 pKa = 9.62KK85 pKa = 8.75VAHH88 pKa = 6.51GMYY91 pKa = 8.38TWYY94 pKa = 10.16EE95 pKa = 4.27AISSPIAALEE105 pKa = 4.39TTVSTEE111 pKa = 3.6YY112 pKa = 8.91HH113 pKa = 5.66TLQTKK118 pKa = 10.1YY119 pKa = 10.41GYY121 pKa = 8.86QWYY124 pKa = 9.52DD125 pKa = 3.24YY126 pKa = 10.1FCPKK130 pKa = 10.28CMLYY134 pKa = 10.55KK135 pKa = 10.54FATHH139 pKa = 6.61SGNATTAASHH149 pKa = 6.69HH150 pKa = 5.08NHH152 pKa = 5.97IMHH155 pKa = 7.51ALNGNGEE162 pKa = 4.44QIHH165 pKa = 6.32VIQIGNQIEE174 pKa = 4.46LTNTIAAMKK183 pKa = 9.96FNVKK187 pKa = 9.59LRR189 pKa = 11.84SKK191 pKa = 10.72NKK193 pKa = 9.99VIVEE197 pKa = 4.17LVPLTAPSGDD207 pKa = 2.93MATRR211 pKa = 11.84NKK213 pKa = 8.7TRR215 pKa = 11.84HH216 pKa = 5.68DD217 pKa = 3.8QNNAIAILNQIASQGNDD234 pKa = 2.69KK235 pKa = 10.67RR236 pKa = 11.84LPLYY240 pKa = 10.65HH241 pKa = 7.2SFIKK245 pKa = 9.93TGSDD249 pKa = 3.02DD250 pKa = 3.48RR251 pKa = 11.84PRR253 pKa = 11.84FDD255 pKa = 3.17VSMVFKK261 pKa = 10.76NVTYY265 pKa = 10.67VGLGGATKK273 pKa = 10.16HH274 pKa = 5.7AAKK277 pKa = 9.83TKK279 pKa = 9.77AASAALIALHH289 pKa = 6.45TSPEE293 pKa = 4.2LNGDD297 pKa = 3.31QRR299 pKa = 11.84ATLSAWTRR307 pKa = 11.84DD308 pKa = 3.42LTKK311 pKa = 11.07DD312 pKa = 3.2GDD314 pKa = 4.02VEE316 pKa = 5.04SNPGPRR322 pKa = 11.84GLDD325 pKa = 3.11LDD327 pKa = 4.13FSYY330 pKa = 10.97PNEE333 pKa = 4.02EE334 pKa = 4.43TPPDD338 pKa = 3.47MSNFVPYY345 pKa = 10.05TSYY348 pKa = 9.71STHH351 pKa = 6.41TNLKK355 pKa = 9.41PFNDD359 pKa = 3.51VEE361 pKa = 4.23NYY363 pKa = 10.53DD364 pKa = 3.64RR365 pKa = 11.84DD366 pKa = 3.78SAFAEE371 pKa = 4.66DD372 pKa = 4.35YY373 pKa = 11.26VADD376 pKa = 4.3EE377 pKa = 4.62YY378 pKa = 11.25KK379 pKa = 10.71AHH381 pKa = 6.28LAKK384 pKa = 10.35RR385 pKa = 11.84VEE387 pKa = 4.23YY388 pKa = 10.72EE389 pKa = 4.02NATGNYY395 pKa = 8.86FNYY398 pKa = 10.38LSSLLNLPTSNRR410 pKa = 11.84FALLCVDD417 pKa = 5.08DD418 pKa = 5.67VDD420 pKa = 5.85PEE422 pKa = 4.38PCDD425 pKa = 5.15DD426 pKa = 3.86EE427 pKa = 5.44TEE429 pKa = 4.15TSTPEE434 pKa = 3.89KK435 pKa = 10.31QKK437 pKa = 10.41PRR439 pKa = 11.84PPKK442 pKa = 8.74VARR445 pKa = 11.84EE446 pKa = 3.8RR447 pKa = 11.84KK448 pKa = 8.83EE449 pKa = 3.78RR450 pKa = 11.84PFVEE454 pKa = 4.29KK455 pKa = 10.06PVPVKK460 pKa = 10.61KK461 pKa = 10.0IEE463 pKa = 3.99KK464 pKa = 9.23TEE466 pKa = 4.05EE467 pKa = 3.77EE468 pKa = 4.5KK469 pKa = 10.14KK470 pKa = 8.12TDD472 pKa = 3.35RR473 pKa = 11.84MFALKK478 pKa = 10.3RR479 pKa = 11.84IAGQLKK485 pKa = 7.58QTPEE489 pKa = 4.03KK490 pKa = 10.54VFLWVKK496 pKa = 10.52RR497 pKa = 11.84KK498 pKa = 8.32MSPVFKK504 pKa = 9.15TTILDD509 pKa = 3.84LVFGLNWQEE518 pKa = 3.64KK519 pKa = 9.07TIMNQYY525 pKa = 9.64EE526 pKa = 3.76FAAYY530 pKa = 10.44ANLHH534 pKa = 6.99DD535 pKa = 4.14ITDD538 pKa = 4.33DD539 pKa = 3.69EE540 pKa = 5.62LISTVINHH548 pKa = 5.13DD549 pKa = 4.14TKK551 pKa = 9.6WASYY555 pKa = 10.76SLQQKK560 pKa = 7.82ITLAKK565 pKa = 9.23EE566 pKa = 3.94LNFSYY571 pKa = 11.17VEE573 pKa = 4.13AKK575 pKa = 10.42SLSHH579 pKa = 6.01NKK581 pKa = 9.22EE582 pKa = 3.62MHH584 pKa = 5.9SANGNILSNTLSDD597 pKa = 4.27VEE599 pKa = 4.39EE600 pKa = 4.32HH601 pKa = 7.51DD602 pKa = 3.49KK603 pKa = 11.24AQNIVKK609 pKa = 9.88YY610 pKa = 10.21NQATLPQYY618 pKa = 10.55RR619 pKa = 11.84GIEE622 pKa = 3.92AQVYY626 pKa = 6.38ITNVAGDD633 pKa = 3.86TNPNFTRR640 pKa = 11.84IFDD643 pKa = 3.51QDD645 pKa = 3.92RR646 pKa = 11.84IRR648 pKa = 11.84GNVVGAANNITNNCAVPLPMTCLIPRR674 pKa = 11.84QVRR677 pKa = 11.84PLVPGALVPALQRR690 pKa = 11.84LRR692 pKa = 11.84ITEE695 pKa = 4.44LNTAEE700 pKa = 4.64YY701 pKa = 9.91YY702 pKa = 10.79LNPIIATDD710 pKa = 4.31LSKK713 pKa = 10.62MISDD717 pKa = 3.35QVKK720 pKa = 10.34NNQSSNWRR728 pKa = 11.84RR729 pKa = 11.84DD730 pKa = 3.59NNSLSGFSTFDD741 pKa = 2.79IATINTALLPKK752 pKa = 10.4GLTLEE757 pKa = 4.3SMLLKK762 pKa = 10.24PDD764 pKa = 4.07LLHH767 pKa = 7.21SITSLRR773 pKa = 11.84TNFTSINRR781 pKa = 11.84STFNAIDD788 pKa = 3.84NNTVPSVGVSVTIGINNSPVFGEE811 pKa = 4.27DD812 pKa = 2.81CGGNNPVFPWLGNKK826 pKa = 9.88GSVAFHH832 pKa = 6.34LTLASVPIDD841 pKa = 3.56QRR843 pKa = 11.84DD844 pKa = 3.67DD845 pKa = 4.69AIVMPPGLLQASYY858 pKa = 10.76DD859 pKa = 3.62ASEE862 pKa = 4.08AVAMFVMSWAEE873 pKa = 3.93WPFGIYY879 pKa = 8.73TATRR883 pKa = 11.84PTTDD887 pKa = 2.75TAGGNNQNQVFVPTQSLTRR906 pKa = 11.84VAGRR910 pKa = 11.84RR911 pKa = 11.84TLNIVLPKK919 pKa = 10.1RR920 pKa = 11.84FAEE923 pKa = 4.38AAPTSGPQANAQATLRR939 pKa = 11.84PTAGPVAAAGAPPILAGQVLDD960 pKa = 3.58INFVGGALIAYY971 pKa = 7.41PLTDD975 pKa = 4.29YY976 pKa = 11.09LYY978 pKa = 9.16TWATQFDD985 pKa = 4.2ATPIRR990 pKa = 11.84QYY992 pKa = 10.53IGRR995 pKa = 11.84LGVLMGVKK1003 pKa = 9.18DD1004 pKa = 3.97TLLVAHH1010 pKa = 7.07EE1011 pKa = 4.35MNIALCQQYY1020 pKa = 10.52PKK1022 pKa = 9.76MVTGAGGVASPAPNSIPQFDD1042 pKa = 4.2LCYY1045 pKa = 10.49CNHH1048 pKa = 5.74TQVTTSVANFPLAADD1063 pKa = 3.32VRR1065 pKa = 11.84ADD1067 pKa = 3.43YY1068 pKa = 10.82RR1069 pKa = 11.84IFEE1072 pKa = 4.6TNPATWNKK1080 pKa = 9.56VCLGLATAPNLTPDD1094 pKa = 3.83EE1095 pKa = 4.53PVDD1098 pKa = 3.68IPYY1101 pKa = 10.57HH1102 pKa = 6.27LGNPSNAFWEE1112 pKa = 4.37RR1113 pKa = 11.84LEE1115 pKa = 4.24SVPMAASWALYY1126 pKa = 9.76YY1127 pKa = 10.58NLRR1130 pKa = 11.84GLTTLAWNNAYY1141 pKa = 9.42TNANSVWAQRR1151 pKa = 11.84MARR1154 pKa = 11.84EE1155 pKa = 4.52TFCTTHH1161 pKa = 4.37VTGTIVPARR1170 pKa = 11.84YY1171 pKa = 9.55GRR1173 pKa = 11.84IPHH1176 pKa = 7.32DD1177 pKa = 3.29IMKK1180 pKa = 9.96SVYY1183 pKa = 9.86GRR1185 pKa = 11.84APKK1188 pKa = 8.12TTQTSKK1194 pKa = 11.02GGTLIDD1200 pKa = 3.29ISHH1203 pKa = 6.87FEE1205 pKa = 3.83RR1206 pKa = 11.84WLPGAPFASVYY1217 pKa = 8.8TAAGVEE1223 pKa = 4.5VTGLTPTILADD1234 pKa = 3.06IWIQYY1239 pKa = 8.45PADD1242 pKa = 3.93NLPILAATFPPPFHH1256 pKa = 7.22RR1257 pKa = 11.84DD1258 pKa = 3.03SVQGFDD1264 pKa = 4.07SRR1266 pKa = 11.84NGLAIHH1272 pKa = 7.05RR1273 pKa = 11.84NMNNDD1278 pKa = 3.04LVSPYY1283 pKa = 9.59MEE1285 pKa = 5.47PDD1287 pKa = 2.92PRR1289 pKa = 11.84AFFDD1293 pKa = 3.93VNKK1296 pKa = 9.97GPVMNDD1302 pKa = 2.92FAVWNSRR1309 pKa = 11.84LWFTHH1314 pKa = 6.0PNRR1317 pKa = 11.84QILDD1321 pKa = 3.62YY1322 pKa = 10.87SGGAIAEE1329 pKa = 4.45VIPAAGTYY1337 pKa = 9.49PLGRR1341 pKa = 11.84GIPLLTGEE1349 pKa = 4.5NVPPEE1354 pKa = 4.18LANASTICIPRR1365 pKa = 11.84FSNAGQRR1372 pKa = 11.84IFLYY1376 pKa = 8.81VTQAQSVQLVGACNRR1391 pKa = 11.84SNRR1394 pKa = 11.84LMRR1397 pKa = 11.84SAWLLNDD1404 pKa = 3.39VYY1406 pKa = 10.81KK1407 pKa = 11.11APDD1410 pKa = 3.39VQQWGRR1416 pKa = 11.84DD1417 pKa = 3.57EE1418 pKa = 4.92EE1419 pKa = 5.54DD1420 pKa = 3.42EE1421 pKa = 4.68FDD1423 pKa = 4.75TITKK1427 pKa = 10.24SYY1429 pKa = 10.34FLDD1432 pKa = 3.52VTTAGVDD1439 pKa = 3.06NATNQIPATLVNTNEE1454 pKa = 3.92QAVDD1458 pKa = 3.65VSQLPSSANPSTTMEE1473 pKa = 4.17QPTSVAII1480 pKa = 3.92

Molecular weight:
163.55 kDa
Isoelectric point according different methods:






Protein with the highest isoelectric point:
>tr|D2CSN2|D2CSN2_9VIRU RNA-directed RNA polymerase OS=Armigeres subalbatus virus SaX06-AK20 OX=556524 PE=3 SV=1
MM1 pKa = 7.74KK2 pKa = 10.32DD3 pKa = 3.01ILCVVSQEE11 pKa = 4.49LKK13 pKa = 11.19EE14 pKa = 3.96EE15 pKa = 4.0MKK17 pKa = 10.88YY18 pKa = 10.02YY19 pKa = 10.57QHH21 pKa = 7.36LDD23 pKa = 3.34NILFTNIMIYY33 pKa = 10.05GHH35 pKa = 6.0IHH37 pKa = 5.75GPSTIRR43 pKa = 11.84EE44 pKa = 4.05LRR46 pKa = 11.84EE47 pKa = 3.42LGMFNDD53 pKa = 4.58FEE55 pKa = 4.95TFVTMAGKK63 pKa = 10.24ISGHH67 pKa = 5.34FKK69 pKa = 10.52RR70 pKa = 11.84YY71 pKa = 8.73PICKK75 pKa = 10.02DD76 pKa = 2.91EE77 pKa = 4.23TKK79 pKa = 10.59QRR81 pKa = 11.84LCEE84 pKa = 4.05IQCLTGYY91 pKa = 9.4LQNDD95 pKa = 3.58PPGWDD100 pKa = 3.5FEE102 pKa = 4.64KK103 pKa = 10.92EE104 pKa = 4.22FVSLAEE110 pKa = 4.19GGYY113 pKa = 8.66EE114 pKa = 3.77HH115 pKa = 7.23GLVGEE120 pKa = 4.42DD121 pKa = 2.74WPARR125 pKa = 11.84FKK127 pKa = 10.9EE128 pKa = 4.16LNDD131 pKa = 3.44KK132 pKa = 10.96VMTRR136 pKa = 11.84QPMPDD141 pKa = 4.0FISFEE146 pKa = 4.05DD147 pKa = 4.99FIRR150 pKa = 11.84DD151 pKa = 3.97GLWITAGSSSIGKK164 pKa = 8.54VEE166 pKa = 3.79WTKK169 pKa = 10.97TDD171 pKa = 3.42DD172 pKa = 3.4KK173 pKa = 11.79GKK175 pKa = 10.58FKK177 pKa = 10.89ARR179 pKa = 11.84KK180 pKa = 9.2NMLTEE185 pKa = 5.09LYY187 pKa = 9.68TDD189 pKa = 3.57EE190 pKa = 5.18DD191 pKa = 4.32LIEE194 pKa = 5.11IVNNWDD200 pKa = 3.53GILRR204 pKa = 11.84SRR206 pKa = 11.84VFTKK210 pKa = 10.85DD211 pKa = 3.02EE212 pKa = 3.96LSKK215 pKa = 10.93RR216 pKa = 11.84RR217 pKa = 11.84LAVASNIEE225 pKa = 4.28AYY227 pKa = 10.6LSEE230 pKa = 4.02AWILHH235 pKa = 5.57LFGHH239 pKa = 6.18GFKK242 pKa = 10.4NYY244 pKa = 10.07EE245 pKa = 4.36YY246 pKa = 9.05ITLDD250 pKa = 3.46EE251 pKa = 4.39SPKK254 pKa = 9.52RR255 pKa = 11.84QHH257 pKa = 6.07EE258 pKa = 4.33RR259 pKa = 11.84TSKK262 pKa = 10.86LINLLRR268 pKa = 11.84NGSFCLPFDD277 pKa = 4.29FKK279 pKa = 11.48GFDD282 pKa = 3.36HH283 pKa = 6.44QPQIKK288 pKa = 10.74AEE290 pKa = 4.1VQVILQKK297 pKa = 10.52IVDD300 pKa = 3.84HH301 pKa = 6.42VRR303 pKa = 11.84TKK305 pKa = 10.66VPKK308 pKa = 10.48DD309 pKa = 3.13KK310 pKa = 11.0LATFNSIAVRR320 pKa = 11.84MVEE323 pKa = 4.37SYY325 pKa = 11.65AKK327 pKa = 10.82GEE329 pKa = 4.44IINPMTMEE337 pKa = 3.92VLIQIGGIPSGVRR350 pKa = 11.84PTSLIGNVWNGDD362 pKa = 3.07MTTYY366 pKa = 10.88ARR368 pKa = 11.84EE369 pKa = 4.08LTKK372 pKa = 11.23LMMRR376 pKa = 11.84RR377 pKa = 11.84DD378 pKa = 4.11EE379 pKa = 4.22IEE381 pKa = 4.18EE382 pKa = 3.95IGIKK386 pKa = 10.64GDD388 pKa = 3.41DD389 pKa = 3.49TYY391 pKa = 11.08IASKK395 pKa = 11.04NPVALIIFRR404 pKa = 11.84LAYY407 pKa = 10.17AAVNAIGLDD416 pKa = 3.67SKK418 pKa = 11.24FGISQNICEE427 pKa = 4.41FLRR430 pKa = 11.84NEE432 pKa = 3.89ISINGCQGWSNRR444 pKa = 11.84AIPSLSQRR452 pKa = 11.84KK453 pKa = 7.86PWNAQPWSPSSEE465 pKa = 4.13VATVANNIYY474 pKa = 10.49LLEE477 pKa = 4.48RR478 pKa = 11.84RR479 pKa = 11.84LKK481 pKa = 10.42RR482 pKa = 11.84STPQLHH488 pKa = 5.6QANKK492 pKa = 9.83IKK494 pKa = 9.74WSKK497 pKa = 8.93YY498 pKa = 6.6TNQSYY503 pKa = 9.59HH504 pKa = 6.26WLHH507 pKa = 6.33LPVRR511 pKa = 11.84LGGFGLYY518 pKa = 9.73PFEE521 pKa = 4.08GWEE524 pKa = 4.17PNGKK528 pKa = 9.56LPLVAKK534 pKa = 9.74PFITVNNLKK543 pKa = 10.03ISRR546 pKa = 11.84EE547 pKa = 3.94YY548 pKa = 10.91VPWAKK553 pKa = 9.02LTPEE557 pKa = 3.91QNILYY562 pKa = 9.78AQEE565 pKa = 4.6DD566 pKa = 4.68FNSKK570 pKa = 9.72IATDD574 pKa = 5.33DD575 pKa = 3.2IPGPQKK581 pKa = 10.43YY582 pKa = 9.5YY583 pKa = 11.04SRR585 pKa = 11.84DD586 pKa = 3.07FVNILRR592 pKa = 11.84TKK594 pKa = 8.08TFSWTKK600 pKa = 8.55EE601 pKa = 3.61PTIIRR606 pKa = 11.84IFPPKK611 pKa = 9.17VQRR614 pKa = 11.84PPVAEE619 pKa = 4.17HH620 pKa = 5.58VWWPRR625 pKa = 11.84DD626 pKa = 2.95RR627 pKa = 11.84FVNQKK632 pKa = 10.36SLDD635 pKa = 3.41PTMPIFAEE643 pKa = 5.7FIRR646 pKa = 11.84QHH648 pKa = 4.52QTLKK652 pKa = 10.36RR653 pKa = 11.84ASGRR657 pKa = 11.84MNIKK661 pKa = 10.01VEE663 pKa = 4.13PLPALAKK670 pKa = 9.85KK671 pKa = 9.22WYY673 pKa = 7.31PHH675 pKa = 5.99LWSSVEE681 pKa = 3.87YY682 pKa = 10.59FEE684 pKa = 6.16ANGWHH689 pKa = 5.96RR690 pKa = 11.84TDD692 pKa = 5.45AINLAIGNIPTEE704 pKa = 4.13PTKK707 pKa = 10.41ILHH710 pKa = 6.63PSLTAFVKK718 pKa = 10.77EE719 pKa = 4.2SVKK722 pKa = 10.76RR723 pKa = 11.84NNFRR727 pKa = 11.84YY728 pKa = 8.7WKK730 pKa = 9.53GRR732 pKa = 11.84RR733 pKa = 11.84NIALNLYY740 pKa = 8.55TITTLAVHH748 pKa = 7.23EE749 pKa = 4.25IQATGGKK756 pKa = 8.95HH757 pKa = 5.74LYY759 pKa = 10.35AYY761 pKa = 10.23

Molecular weight:
87.97 kDa
Isoelectric point according different methods:






Peptides (in silico digests for buttom-up proteomics)

Below you can find in silico digests of the whole proteome with Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Trypsin+LysC, LysN, ArgC proteases suitable for different mass spec machines.

Try
ESI
ChTry
ESI
ArgC
ESI
LysN
ESI
TryLysC
ESI

Try
MALDI
ChTry
MALDI
ArgC
MALDI
LysN
MALDI
TryLysC
MALDI

Try
LTQ
ChTry
LTQ
ArgC
LTQ
LysN
LTQ
TryLysC
LTQ

Try
MSlow
ChTry
MSlow
ArgC
MSlow
LysN
MSlow
TryLysC
MSlow

Try
MShigh
ChTry
MShigh
ArgC
MShigh
LysN
MShigh
TryLysC
MShigh

General Statistics

Number of major isoforms

Number of additional isoforms

Number of all proteins

Number of amino acids

Min. Seq. Length

Max. Seq. Length

Avg. Seq. Length

Avg. Mol. Weight

2

0

2

2241

761

1480

1120.5

125.76

Amino acid frequency

Ala

Cys

Asp

Glu

Phe

Gly

His

Ile

Lys

Leu

8.255 ± 1.52

0.937 ± 0.01

4.953 ± 0.27

5.132 ± 0.872

4.016 ± 0.397

5.578 ± 0.113

2.365 ± 0.146

6.381 ± 1.054

5.266 ± 1.162

8.166 ± 0.135

Met

Asn

Gln

Pro

Arg

Ser

Thr

Val

Trp

Tyr

2.008 ± 0.052

6.917 ± 0.776

6.426 ± 0.431

3.748 ± 0.111

4.909 ± 0.485

5.846 ± 0.181

7.274 ± 0.901

6.113 ± 0.622

1.963 ± 0.442

3.748 ± 0.038

Note: For amino acid frequency statistics the error has been estimated with the bootstraping (x100) at the protein level

Most of the basic statistics you can see at this page can be downloaded from this CSV file

For dipeptide frequency statistics click here
See this proteome in: uniprot_link
Proteome-pI is available under Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs license, for more details see here

Reference: Kozlowski LP. Proteome-pI 2.0: Proteome Isoelectric Point Database Update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021, doi: 10.1093/nar/gkab944 Contact: Lukasz P. Kozlowski