Amino acid dipepetide frequency for Spinacia oleracea (Spinach)

Apart from single amino acid frequencies one can also calculate so called amino acid dipeptide frequency.

There is 400 possibilites (441 if we consider Xaa as additional 21st amino acid representing all non-standard or unknown amino acids). Thus, if the dipeptides would be present randomly in proteins each amino acid dipeptide should be present with 0.25% frequency. As it is not the case in the nature, for better visablity all more than expected dipepetides are marked by red, and those which are underrepresented are marked by blue in the table.

All values are presented as per milles (‰), therefore need to be multiplied by 10^-3.

For more information see sequence space article on Wikipedia.

	Ala	Cys	Asp	Glu	Phe	Gly	His	Ile	Lys	Leu	Met	Asn	Pro	Gln	Arg	Ser	Thr	Val	Trp	Tyr	Xaa
Ala	6.287AlaAla: 6.287 ± 0.041	1.2AlaCys: 1.2 ± 0.012	3.185AlaAsp: 3.185 ± 0.02	4.18AlaGlu: 4.18 ± 0.027	2.662AlaPhe: 2.662 ± 0.019	4.069AlaGly: 4.069 ± 0.024	1.286AlaHis: 1.286 ± 0.011	3.652AlaIle: 3.652 ± 0.022	3.88AlaLys: 3.88 ± 0.025	6.272AlaLeu: 6.272 ± 0.034	1.672AlaMet: 1.672 ± 0.014	2.563AlaAsn: 2.563 ± 0.017	2.717AlaPro: 2.717 ± 0.023	2.105AlaGln: 2.105 ± 0.018	3.204AlaArg: 3.204 ± 0.02	5.796AlaSer: 5.796 ± 0.03	3.592AlaThr: 3.592 ± 0.023	4.903AlaVal: 4.903 ± 0.031	0.72AlaTrp: 0.72 ± 0.01	1.796AlaTyr: 1.796 ± 0.014	0.002AlaXaa: 0.002 ± 0.001
Cys	0.978CysAla: 0.978 ± 0.011	0.549CysCys: 0.549 ± 0.009	0.883CysAsp: 0.883 ± 0.009	0.887CysGlu: 0.887 ± 0.011	0.868CysPhe: 0.868 ± 0.01	1.387CysGly: 1.387 ± 0.015	0.463CysHis: 0.463 ± 0.007	0.995CysIle: 0.995 ± 0.009	1.154CysLys: 1.154 ± 0.012	1.863CysLeu: 1.863 ± 0.015	0.432CysMet: 0.432 ± 0.007	0.868CysAsn: 0.868 ± 0.01	0.937CysPro: 0.937 ± 0.011	0.62CysGln: 0.62 ± 0.009	1.029CysArg: 1.029 ± 0.012	1.843CysSer: 1.843 ± 0.015	0.866CysThr: 0.866 ± 0.01	1.099CysVal: 1.099 ± 0.012	0.244CysTrp: 0.244 ± 0.005	0.566CysTyr: 0.566 ± 0.008	0.001CysXaa: 0.001 ± 0.0
Asp	3.507AspAla: 3.507 ± 0.022	0.982AspCys: 0.982 ± 0.011	4.072AspAsp: 4.072 ± 0.033	4.258AspGlu: 4.258 ± 0.026	2.38AspPhe: 2.38 ± 0.017	3.809AspGly: 3.809 ± 0.027	1.268AspHis: 1.268 ± 0.014	3.113AspIle: 3.113 ± 0.02	2.881AspLys: 2.881 ± 0.021	4.995AspLeu: 4.995 ± 0.025	1.365AspMet: 1.365 ± 0.013	2.314AspAsn: 2.314 ± 0.015	2.565AspPro: 2.565 ± 0.019	1.808AspGln: 1.808 ± 0.016	2.393AspArg: 2.393 ± 0.022	4.331AspSer: 4.331 ± 0.024	2.315AspThr: 2.315 ± 0.017	3.856AspVal: 3.856 ± 0.023	0.694AspTrp: 0.694 ± 0.008	1.631AspTyr: 1.631 ± 0.014	0.002AspXaa: 0.002 ± 0.001
Glu	4.74GluAla: 4.74 ± 0.03	0.892GluCys: 0.892 ± 0.011	4.133GluAsp: 4.133 ± 0.029	6.26GluGlu: 6.26 ± 0.049	2.407GluPhe: 2.407 ± 0.017	3.728GluGly: 3.728 ± 0.023	1.254GluHis: 1.254 ± 0.013	3.711GluIle: 3.711 ± 0.024	4.849GluLys: 4.849 ± 0.033	5.959GluLeu: 5.959 ± 0.032	1.788GluMet: 1.788 ± 0.016	3.174GluAsn: 3.174 ± 0.022	2.076GluPro: 2.076 ± 0.016	2.215GluGln: 2.215 ± 0.018	3.32GluArg: 3.32 ± 0.023	4.516GluSer: 4.516 ± 0.026	3.048GluThr: 3.048 ± 0.018	4.359GluVal: 4.359 ± 0.024	0.706GluTrp: 0.706 ± 0.009	1.695GluTyr: 1.695 ± 0.014	0.002GluXaa: 0.002 ± 0.001
Phe	2.423PheAla: 2.423 ± 0.016	0.894PheCys: 0.894 ± 0.011	2.447PheAsp: 2.447 ± 0.017	2.284PheGlu: 2.284 ± 0.017	1.891PhePhe: 1.891 ± 0.019	2.986PheGly: 2.986 ± 0.022	1.086PheHis: 1.086 ± 0.011	2.02PheIle: 2.02 ± 0.017	2.107PheLys: 2.107 ± 0.017	4.149PheLeu: 4.149 ± 0.027	0.953PheMet: 0.953 ± 0.011	1.784PheAsn: 1.784 ± 0.014	2.046PhePro: 2.046 ± 0.015	1.535PheGln: 1.535 ± 0.013	2.058PheArg: 2.058 ± 0.015	4.103PheSer: 4.103 ± 0.026	2.01PheThr: 2.01 ± 0.016	2.75PheVal: 2.75 ± 0.018	0.544PheTrp: 0.544 ± 0.009	1.252PheTyr: 1.252 ± 0.012	0.001PheXaa: 0.001 ± 0.0
Gly	3.823GlyAla: 3.823 ± 0.027	1.296GlyCys: 1.296 ± 0.014	3.473GlyAsp: 3.473 ± 0.022	3.696GlyGlu: 3.696 ± 0.023	3.102GlyPhe: 3.102 ± 0.023	6.092GlyGly: 6.092 ± 0.1	1.524GlyHis: 1.524 ± 0.017	3.585GlyIle: 3.585 ± 0.023	4.191GlyLys: 4.191 ± 0.025	5.828GlyLeu: 5.828 ± 0.029	1.5GlyMet: 1.5 ± 0.014	3.219GlyAsn: 3.219 ± 0.022	2.422GlyPro: 2.422 ± 0.019	2.039GlyGln: 2.039 ± 0.014	3.58GlyArg: 3.58 ± 0.026	5.916GlySer: 5.916 ± 0.037	3.147GlyThr: 3.147 ± 0.022	4.445GlyVal: 4.445 ± 0.034	0.891GlyTrp: 0.891 ± 0.01	2.16GlyTyr: 2.16 ± 0.02	0.003GlyXaa: 0.003 ± 0.0
His	1.333HisAla: 1.333 ± 0.013	0.517HisCys: 0.517 ± 0.007	1.171HisAsp: 1.171 ± 0.013	1.27HisGlu: 1.27 ± 0.012	1.059HisPhe: 1.059 ± 0.011	1.689HisGly: 1.689 ± 0.019	1.085HisHis: 1.085 ± 0.018	1.19HisIle: 1.19 ± 0.013	1.173HisLys: 1.173 ± 0.011	2.37HisLeu: 2.37 ± 0.018	0.554HisMet: 0.554 ± 0.009	1.038HisAsn: 1.038 ± 0.011	1.378HisPro: 1.378 ± 0.012	1.099HisGln: 1.099 ± 0.012	1.308HisArg: 1.308 ± 0.013	1.911HisSer: 1.911 ± 0.016	0.997HisThr: 0.997 ± 0.012	1.506HisVal: 1.506 ± 0.013	0.285HisTrp: 0.285 ± 0.005	0.718HisTyr: 0.718 ± 0.009	0.001HisXaa: 0.001 ± 0.0
Ile	3.454IleAla: 3.454 ± 0.024	1.106IleCys: 1.106 ± 0.011	3.0IleAsp: 3.0 ± 0.022	3.182IleGlu: 3.182 ± 0.022	2.233IlePhe: 2.233 ± 0.015	3.315IleGly: 3.315 ± 0.023	1.271IleHis: 1.271 ± 0.012	2.818IleIle: 2.818 ± 0.021	2.977IleLys: 2.977 ± 0.021	5.174IleLeu: 5.174 ± 0.03	1.143IleMet: 1.143 ± 0.011	2.263IleAsn: 2.263 ± 0.016	2.947IlePro: 2.947 ± 0.025	2.017IleGln: 2.017 ± 0.015	2.617IleArg: 2.617 ± 0.018	4.951IleSer: 4.951 ± 0.028	2.632IleThr: 2.632 ± 0.017	3.465IleVal: 3.465 ± 0.022	0.668IleTrp: 0.668 ± 0.009	1.499IleTyr: 1.499 ± 0.015	0.002IleXaa: 0.002 ± 0.0
Lys	3.98LysAla: 3.98 ± 0.024	1.001LysCys: 1.001 ± 0.011	3.407LysAsp: 3.407 ± 0.023	4.749LysGlu: 4.749 ± 0.032	2.232LysPhe: 2.232 ± 0.018	3.712LysGly: 3.712 ± 0.023	1.387LysHis: 1.387 ± 0.011	3.217LysIle: 3.217 ± 0.02	4.955LysLys: 4.955 ± 0.035	6.011LysLeu: 6.011 ± 0.029	1.567LysMet: 1.567 ± 0.013	2.716LysAsn: 2.716 ± 0.018	2.787LysPro: 2.787 ± 0.021	2.308LysGln: 2.308 ± 0.017	3.608LysArg: 3.608 ± 0.024	4.797LysSer: 4.797 ± 0.031	2.964LysThr: 2.964 ± 0.019	3.975LysVal: 3.975 ± 0.025	0.796LysTrp: 0.796 ± 0.008	1.66LysTyr: 1.66 ± 0.015	0.002LysXaa: 0.002 ± 0.0
Leu	6.231LeuAla: 6.231 ± 0.026	1.83LeuCys: 1.83 ± 0.014	5.081LeuAsp: 5.081 ± 0.028	6.196LeuGlu: 6.196 ± 0.031	3.752LeuPhe: 3.752 ± 0.024	5.69LeuGly: 5.69 ± 0.028	2.486LeuHis: 2.486 ± 0.018	4.64LeuIle: 4.64 ± 0.024	6.197LeuLys: 6.197 ± 0.03	9.736LeuLeu: 9.736 ± 0.051	2.145LeuMet: 2.145 ± 0.015	3.967LeuAsn: 3.967 ± 0.024	5.084LeuPro: 5.084 ± 0.03	4.285LeuGln: 4.285 ± 0.024	5.181LeuArg: 5.181 ± 0.029	8.669LeuSer: 8.669 ± 0.04	4.423LeuThr: 4.423 ± 0.022	6.264LeuVal: 6.264 ± 0.025	1.091LeuTrp: 1.091 ± 0.013	2.483LeuTyr: 2.483 ± 0.016	0.003LeuXaa: 0.003 ± 0.001
Met	2.008MetAla: 2.008 ± 0.015	0.325MetCys: 0.325 ± 0.005	1.393MetAsp: 1.393 ± 0.012	1.953MetGlu: 1.953 ± 0.017	0.833MetPhe: 0.833 ± 0.01	1.613MetGly: 1.613 ± 0.016	0.499MetHis: 0.499 ± 0.008	1.271MetIle: 1.271 ± 0.015	1.652MetLys: 1.652 ± 0.014	2.194MetLeu: 2.194 ± 0.016	0.742MetMet: 0.742 ± 0.011	1.049MetAsn: 1.049 ± 0.011	1.065MetPro: 1.065 ± 0.011	0.921MetGln: 0.921 ± 0.012	1.171MetArg: 1.171 ± 0.011	1.874MetSer: 1.874 ± 0.013	1.053MetThr: 1.053 ± 0.011	1.675MetVal: 1.675 ± 0.015	0.262MetTrp: 0.262 ± 0.006	0.626MetTyr: 0.626 ± 0.009	0.0MetXaa: 0.0 ± 0.0
Asn	2.62AsnAla: 2.62 ± 0.018	0.872AsnCys: 0.872 ± 0.009	2.286AsnAsp: 2.286 ± 0.017	2.547AsnGlu: 2.547 ± 0.018	1.949AsnPhe: 1.949 ± 0.016	3.345AsnGly: 3.345 ± 0.022	1.188AsnHis: 1.188 ± 0.012	2.493AsnIle: 2.493 ± 0.018	2.537AsnLys: 2.537 ± 0.02	4.537AsnLeu: 4.537 ± 0.034	1.126AsnMet: 1.126 ± 0.012	2.907AsnAsn: 2.907 ± 0.037	2.445AsnPro: 2.445 ± 0.019	1.759AsnGln: 1.759 ± 0.014	2.007AsnArg: 2.007 ± 0.015	4.136AsnSer: 4.136 ± 0.032	2.116AsnThr: 2.116 ± 0.018	2.942AsnVal: 2.942 ± 0.019	0.561AsnTrp: 0.561 ± 0.008	1.348AsnTyr: 1.348 ± 0.013	0.002AsnXaa: 0.002 ± 0.0
Pro	2.917ProAla: 2.917 ± 0.022	0.801ProCys: 0.801 ± 0.01	2.502ProAsp: 2.502 ± 0.017	3.134ProGlu: 3.134 ± 0.022	2.007ProPhe: 2.007 ± 0.017	2.713ProGly: 2.713 ± 0.02	1.084ProHis: 1.084 ± 0.012	2.332ProIle: 2.332 ± 0.016	2.74ProLys: 2.74 ± 0.022	4.323ProLeu: 4.323 ± 0.024	0.992ProMet: 0.992 ± 0.012	2.351ProAsn: 2.351 ± 0.017	4.133ProPro: 4.133 ± 0.068	1.863ProGln: 1.863 ± 0.018	2.339ProArg: 2.339 ± 0.017	5.244ProSer: 5.244 ± 0.029	2.755ProThr: 2.755 ± 0.022	3.152ProVal: 3.152 ± 0.025	0.582ProTrp: 0.582 ± 0.009	1.321ProTyr: 1.321 ± 0.013	0.001ProXaa: 0.001 ± 0.0
Gln	2.303GlnAla: 2.303 ± 0.015	0.564GlnCys: 0.564 ± 0.008	1.701GlnAsp: 1.701 ± 0.015	2.4GlnGlu: 2.4 ± 0.02	1.415GlnPhe: 1.415 ± 0.013	2.19GlnGly: 2.19 ± 0.018	0.978GlnHis: 0.978 ± 0.012	2.004GlnIle: 2.004 ± 0.016	2.421GlnLys: 2.421 ± 0.017	3.682GlnLeu: 3.682 ± 0.027	0.983GlnMet: 0.983 ± 0.012	1.821GlnAsn: 1.821 ± 0.016	1.862GlnPro: 1.862 ± 0.02	2.519GlnGln: 2.519 ± 0.046	2.065GlnArg: 2.065 ± 0.017	2.848GlnSer: 2.848 ± 0.022	1.761GlnThr: 1.761 ± 0.013	2.38GlnVal: 2.38 ± 0.015	0.458GlnTrp: 0.458 ± 0.006	0.961GlnTyr: 0.961 ± 0.01	0.001GlnXaa: 0.001 ± 0.0
Arg	3.085ArgAla: 3.085 ± 0.023	0.985ArgCys: 0.985 ± 0.013	2.626ArgAsp: 2.626 ± 0.02	3.332ArgGlu: 3.332 ± 0.024	2.108ArgPhe: 2.108 ± 0.015	3.22ArgGly: 3.22 ± 0.027	1.241ArgHis: 1.241 ± 0.013	2.775ArgIle: 2.775 ± 0.017	3.8ArgLys: 3.8 ± 0.023	4.825ArgLeu: 4.825 ± 0.023	1.281ArgMet: 1.281 ± 0.013	2.436ArgAsn: 2.436 ± 0.016	2.283ArgPro: 2.283 ± 0.016	1.81ArgGln: 1.81 ± 0.016	3.905ArgArg: 3.905 ± 0.029	4.303ArgSer: 4.303 ± 0.029	2.37ArgThr: 2.37 ± 0.018	3.387ArgVal: 3.387 ± 0.022	0.69ArgTrp: 0.69 ± 0.01	1.454ArgTyr: 1.454 ± 0.013	0.002ArgXaa: 0.002 ± 0.0
Ser	5.301SerAla: 5.301 ± 0.027	1.73SerCys: 1.73 ± 0.016	4.522SerAsp: 4.522 ± 0.026	4.868SerGlu: 4.868 ± 0.027	3.847SerPhe: 3.847 ± 0.023	5.945SerGly: 5.945 ± 0.031	1.976SerHis: 1.976 ± 0.016	4.571SerIle: 4.571 ± 0.025	5.064SerLys: 5.064 ± 0.026	8.752SerLeu: 8.752 ± 0.04	2.123SerMet: 2.123 ± 0.015	4.219SerAsn: 4.219 ± 0.025	4.767SerPro: 4.767 ± 0.038	3.019SerGln: 3.019 ± 0.022	4.393SerArg: 4.393 ± 0.028	11.378SerSer: 11.378 ± 0.069	4.798SerThr: 4.798 ± 0.029	5.371SerVal: 5.371 ± 0.025	1.131SerTrp: 1.131 ± 0.012	2.364SerTyr: 2.364 ± 0.019	0.003SerXaa: 0.003 ± 0.001
Thr	3.393ThrAla: 3.393 ± 0.023	0.908ThrCys: 0.908 ± 0.01	2.328ThrAsp: 2.328 ± 0.016	2.754ThrGlu: 2.754 ± 0.019	2.053ThrPhe: 2.053 ± 0.017	3.288ThrGly: 3.288 ± 0.024	1.075ThrHis: 1.075 ± 0.012	2.724ThrIle: 2.724 ± 0.02	2.722ThrLys: 2.722 ± 0.017	4.624ThrLeu: 4.624 ± 0.023	1.193ThrMet: 1.193 ± 0.012	2.185ThrAsn: 2.185 ± 0.016	2.8ThrPro: 2.8 ± 0.026	1.62ThrGln: 1.62 ± 0.014	2.369ThrArg: 2.369 ± 0.017	4.778ThrSer: 4.778 ± 0.025	3.431ThrThr: 3.431 ± 0.032	3.298ThrVal: 3.298 ± 0.018	0.612ThrTrp: 0.612 ± 0.009	1.405ThrTyr: 1.405 ± 0.014	0.001ThrXaa: 0.001 ± 0.0
Val	4.827ValAla: 4.827 ± 0.026	1.199ValCys: 1.199 ± 0.013	4.019ValAsp: 4.019 ± 0.025	4.534ValGlu: 4.534 ± 0.026	2.72ValPhe: 2.72 ± 0.019	4.247ValGly: 4.247 ± 0.031	1.513ValHis: 1.513 ± 0.013	3.529ValIle: 3.529 ± 0.024	4.066ValLys: 4.066 ± 0.027	6.245ValLeu: 6.245 ± 0.031	1.549ValMet: 1.549 ± 0.014	2.768ValAsn: 2.768 ± 0.017	3.196ValPro: 3.196 ± 0.022	2.353ValGln: 2.353 ± 0.019	3.141ValArg: 3.141 ± 0.02	5.481ValSer: 5.481 ± 0.026	3.316ValThr: 3.316 ± 0.021	5.259ValVal: 5.259 ± 0.036	0.758ValTrp: 0.758 ± 0.009	1.979ValTyr: 1.979 ± 0.018	0.002ValXaa: 0.002 ± 0.001
Trp	0.732TrpAla: 0.732 ± 0.009	0.231TrpCys: 0.231 ± 0.005	0.69TrpAsp: 0.69 ± 0.01	0.751TrpGlu: 0.751 ± 0.009	0.531TrpPhe: 0.531 ± 0.007	0.735TrpGly: 0.735 ± 0.01	0.278TrpHis: 0.278 ± 0.006	0.656TrpIle: 0.656 ± 0.01	0.923TrpLys: 0.923 ± 0.009	1.167TrpLeu: 1.167 ± 0.013	0.335TrpMet: 0.335 ± 0.006	0.679TrpAsn: 0.679 ± 0.01	0.467TrpPro: 0.467 ± 0.008	0.418TrpGln: 0.418 ± 0.007	0.783TrpArg: 0.783 ± 0.011	0.951TrpSer: 0.951 ± 0.01	0.598TrpThr: 0.598 ± 0.008	0.819TrpVal: 0.819 ± 0.01	0.231TrpTrp: 0.231 ± 0.006	0.337TrpTyr: 0.337 ± 0.006	0.0TrpXaa: 0.0 ± 0.0
Tyr	1.798TyrAla: 1.798 ± 0.016	0.649TyrCys: 0.649 ± 0.008	1.619TyrAsp: 1.619 ± 0.015	1.597TyrGlu: 1.597 ± 0.016	1.273TyrPhe: 1.273 ± 0.012	2.156TyrGly: 2.156 ± 0.022	0.707TyrHis: 0.707 ± 0.009	1.435TyrIle: 1.435 ± 0.014	1.541TyrLys: 1.541 ± 0.016	2.723TyrLeu: 2.723 ± 0.021	0.735TyrMet: 0.735 ± 0.009	1.401TyrAsn: 1.401 ± 0.013	1.308TyrPro: 1.308 ± 0.014	1.003TyrGln: 1.003 ± 0.011	1.447TyrArg: 1.447 ± 0.013	2.313TyrSer: 2.313 ± 0.018	1.367TyrThr: 1.367 ± 0.016	1.796TyrVal: 1.796 ± 0.014	0.39TyrTrp: 0.39 ± 0.008	1.002TyrTyr: 1.002 ± 0.012	0.001TyrXaa: 0.001 ± 0.0
Xaa	0.002XaaAla: 0.002 ± 0.001	0.001XaaCys: 0.001 ± 0.0	0.002XaaAsp: 0.002 ± 0.0	0.001XaaGlu: 0.001 ± 0.0	0.001XaaPhe: 0.001 ± 0.0	0.002XaaGly: 0.002 ± 0.0	0.001XaaHis: 0.001 ± 0.0	0.002XaaIle: 0.002 ± 0.0	0.002XaaLys: 0.002 ± 0.001	0.003XaaLeu: 0.003 ± 0.001	0.001XaaMet: 0.001 ± 0.0	0.001XaaAsn: 0.001 ± 0.0	0.002XaaPro: 0.002 ± 0.0	0.001XaaGln: 0.001 ± 0.0	0.002XaaArg: 0.002 ± 0.0	0.002XaaSer: 0.002 ± 0.0	0.002XaaThr: 0.002 ± 0.001	0.002XaaVal: 0.002 ± 0.0	0.001XaaTrp: 0.001 ± 0.0	0.002XaaTyr: 0.002 ± 0.0	0.008XaaXaa: 0.008 ± 0.002

Statistics based on 23526 proteins (9276580 amino acids)

Note: The error has been estimated with the bootstraping (x100) at the protein level

Above dipeptide statistics (among other stats for this proteome) you can download from this CSV file

Reference: Kozlowski LP. Proteome-pI 2.0: Proteome Isoelectric Point Database Update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021, doi: 10.1093/nar/gkab944

Contact: Lukasz P. Kozlowski

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